根据今年备战托福烤鸭们的要求,小编今天就给大家聊一下托福阅读解析吧,其实托福阅读是目前公认的比较难的一项考试部分,因为托福阅读的字数和篇目较长,而且他的时间是有限的,这就要求我们在有限的时间里,要创造出更高的效率和准确率。那么我们到底如何快速提高托福阅读成绩呢?这就要求我们在平时一定要做好词汇积累,遇到不懂的生词,先不要着急查阅资料,我们可以根据上下文推出其含义,还有在考前一定要去认真分析往年的真题,今天小编就具体给大家介绍托福tpo57阅读答案解析的内容。
一、托福tpo57阅读答案解析
Pests and Pesticides
Around 1870, a little fruit-eating insect arrived in San Jose, California, on some nursery stock shipped from Asia. The pest, which became known as the San Jose scale, quickly spread through the United States and Canada, killing orchard trees as it went. Farmers found that the best way to control the scale was to spray their orchards with a mixture of sulfur and lime. Within a few weeks of spraying a tree, the insect vanished completely.
Around the turn of the century, however,farmers began to notice that the sulfur-lime mixture was not working all that well.A handful of scales would survive a spraying and eventually rebound to their former numbers.In Clarkston Valley in Washington State,orchard growers became convinced that manufacturers were adulterating their pesticide. They built their own factory to guarantee a pure poison, which they drenched over their trees, yet the scale kept spreading uncontrollably.An entomologist named A. L. Melander inspected the trees and found scales living happily under a thick crust of dried spray. Melander began to suspect that adulteration was not to blame.In 1912, he compared how effective the sprays were in different parts of Washington.In Yakima and Sunnyside, he found that sulfur-lime could wipe out every last scale on a tree, while in Clarkston between 4 and 13 percent survived. On the other hand, the Clarkston scales were annihilated by a different pesticide made from fuel oil, just as the insects in other parts of Washington were. In other words, the scales of Clarkston had a peculiar resistance to sulfur-lime.
Melander wondered why. He knew that if individuals eat small amounts of certain poisons, such as arsenic, they can build up an immunity. But San Jose scales bred so quickly that no single scale experienced more than a single spray of sulfur-lime, giving them no chance to develop immunity.
A radical idea occurred to Melander. Perhaps mutations made a few scales resistant to sulfur-lime.When farmers sprayed their trees, these resistant scales survived, as did a few nonresistant ones that hadn’t received a fatal dose. The surviving scales would then breed, and the resistant genes would become more common in the following generations. Depending on the proportions of the survivors, the trees might become covered by resistant or nonresistant scales. In the Clarkston Valley region, farmers had been using sulfur-lime longer than anywhere else in the Northwest and were desperately soaking their trees with the stuff. In the process, they were driving the evolution of more resistant scales.
Melander offered his ideas in 1914, but no one paid much attention to him; they were too busy discovering even more powerful pesticides.In 1939 the Swiss chemist Paul Muller found that a compound of chlorine and hydrocarbons called DDT could kill insects more effectively than any previous pesticide had.DDT was cheap and easy to make, it could kill many species of insects,and it was stable enough to be stored for years.It could be used in small doses, and it didn’t seem to pose any health risks to humans. Between 1941 and 1976, 4.5 million tons of DDT were produced DDT was so powerful and cheap that farmers gave up old-fashioned ways of controlling pests, such as draining standing water or breeding resistant strains of crops.
DDT and similar pesticides created the delusion that pests could be not merely controlled but eradicated, so farmers began spraying pesticides on their crops as a matter of course, rather than to control outbreaks. Meanwhile, public health workers saw in DDT the hope of controlling mosquitoes, which spread diseases such as malaria.
二、托福阅读十大题型介绍
1.托福阅读的细节题(Factual Information)
解法:a. 提取题干中关键词定位原文段落中关键词所在的所有句子. 阅读定位句理解。c. 正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。必须在意思上和语言逻辑结构上完全符合定位句。
细节的题的错误选项主要有以下几种:a. 该选项的全部或者局部出现了该段落根本就没有涉及的信息,概念,特有名词等等。b. 原文定位句没有出现比较级,最高级一类的语言现象,但是选项中出现了这种无端的比较。c. 选项中出现了定位句范围以外的信息,尽管这些信息在本段落中的确被完全提及。d. 选项中有某些形容词或者副词起到了加重语气从而使选项的叙述程度甚至方向发生了改变脱离原文语言风格叙述。
注意:做细节题必须定位,切忌凭自己阅读后的总体感觉不定位某句话而做题。
2. 托福阅读的事实否定题
解法:定位题干关键词回原文。正确选项应具备:a. 原文未提及的. 与原文叙述矛盾的;3. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时,优先选择明显矛盾的选项。所以,在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。
3. 托福阅读的推论题(Inference)
解法: 提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子,综合各句提取结论性的信息。该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来,通常是言外之意。错误选项的特征与细节题的错误选项特征基本相同。一般对于推论题来说,更保险的方法是用排除法做题。如果能排除3个错误选项,即使正确选项找不到定位点也可以把题目做出来。但是使用排除法前提是必须阅读理解到足够多的信息。这对阅读能力的要求是相对较高的。
4. 托福阅读的修辞题
解法:关键词回文定位。先阅读定位词所在的句子,然后读其下面的句子。如果发现后面在叙述中出现了两个事物,或者多个事物之间的比较,类比关系。则关键词所起的作用就是为了说明这种比较关系。正确答案是这种比较关系的结果,效果或所要说明的问题的现象本质。
5. 托福阅读的指代题(Reference)
解法:a. 把四个选项代入原文阅读翻译,翻译不同的就是错误答案。b. 代词的传递规则&mdashmdash;同一个事物可以在后面的数句话中用不同代词或同一个进行同一个概念上的表达--就近原则。
6. 托福阅读的词汇题(Vocabulary)
词汇题没有固定解法,词汇题的主旨就是考察应试者的词汇量。词汇题近来考察熟词辟意的趋势明显加大,所以大家在背单词的时候一定要有意识的积累和总结这种熟词辟意的词汇,并且要重点记忆这些辟意。
7. 托福阅读的句子简化题(Sentence Simplification)
解法:首先看原文标出的句子逻辑结构,并列,因果,让步转折,条件状语等等。正确选项必须符合这种逻辑结果所表达信息的完整性和逻辑性。如果有多个句子同时符合,则将这些选项中的主从句结构分别和原文标出的句子进行比较,不符合的排除。如果此时还有选项不能排除,则再通过阅读理解句子意思进行最后的选择。
8. 托福阅读的插入句子题(Sentence Insertion)
插入句的结构和句前有无指示代词。如有指示代词,则上一句话必须有这个代词所指代的正确对象出现。其次看插入句的结构。能不能承接下文。
9. 托福阅读的文章总结题(Prose Summary)
解法:阅读文章每段主题句,比对选项进行选择。排除明显的细节信息选项,然后剩下的就是正确选项。
正确选项特征:a. 正确选项必须与本题的引导句信息相关. 正确选项必须是文章中的重要信息&mdashmdash;通常是段落的主题句改写;c. 正确选项必须是原文中处于被其他论据或细节支持的信息。
错误选项特征:a. 原文中的细节信息一旦出现该选项必错。b. 出现了原文没有提及过的信息,该选项必错。c. 与原文叙述矛盾的选项必错。
10. 托福阅读的图表信息题(Fill In A Table)
解法:分别把选项中的信息定位回原文然后按照原文顺序进行分类入选。
错误选项特征:1. 原文中的细节信息一旦出现该选项必错。2. 出现了原文没有提及过的信息,该选项必错。3. 与原文叙述矛盾的选项必错。
三、托福阅读评分标准
托福阅读部分,总共有3篇文章,如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分,每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。
其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。
最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。
大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。因此,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。阅读部分整体42道题,对应原始分数满分45分。
比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道大题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分数就是37分,最终得分为27分。另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道大题中,1道大题选错2个选项,另外两道大题各选错一个,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为29分,最终分数对应为20分。
在此分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。
大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。
四、如何提升托福口语成绩
备考托福口语需要坚持和努力,我们得练好口语,所以找到一个专业的外教进行练习还是很有必要的。分享一下小编在用的app:留小留,可以随时和世界各地的Native Speaker进行一对一的口语对练,里面有很多专业的雅思外教可以选择,而且还有前雅思高级考官,强烈建议考试前跟雅思考官模拟测试一下。这个软件用起来就跟打微信语音/视频电话一样,质量很清晰。这个是最让小编感到意外且性价比超级高的一个APP了。小编长期练习的一个外教陪练是英国的Leila,她不仅口音纯正,而且人超级nice,她本人还是一个摄影师,小编也经常跟她交流摄影方面的技巧。
不过大家在跟外国人练习托福口语的时候,小编有2个建议:1是提前准备一个话题,带着话题去跟他们练习能让你学到很多地道的表达;2.是不一定非要选择欧美的老外,像有些南非、菲律宾的也很专业,练习口语也不错。
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